North Carolina’s Native American History
People began living in the area now known as North Carolina at least 12,000 years ago. Starting around 700 A.D., indigenous people created more enduring settlements, and many Native American groups populated North Carolina, such as the Cape Fear, Cheraw, Cherokee, Chowanoke, Croatoan, Meherrin, Saponi, Tuscarora and Waccamaw.
Europeans started to settle in the area in the mid-1600s. Native Americans attacked settlements, while colonists enslaved indigenous people, seized their lands and took advantage of them in trading negotiations. Scores of Native Americans were displaced from North Carolina or killed by smallpox and other diseases brought by the settlers.
Skirmishes between colonists and indigenous people eventually led to the Tuscarora War, which began in 1711 when the Tuscarora people attacked colonial settlements in North Carolina, attempting to drive out colonists backed by the Yamasee tribe. In 1713, hundreds of Tuscarora were killed or sold into slavery; most who remained migrated north to join the Iroquois Confederation.
Starting in the early 1700s, the Cherokee people in North Carolina were forced to cede vast portions of their land to American colonists. Colonists and the Cherokee regularly got into armed conflicts. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, and five years later about 17,000 Cherokee were forcibly moved from North Carolina to present-day Oklahoma on what became known as the Trail of Tears. About 4,000 people died. After several hundred Cherokee refused to leave North Carolina, the American government established a reservation for the Eastern Band of Cherokee.
Today, there are eight federally-recognized Native American tribes in North Carolina, including the Coharie, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, the Haliwa-Saponi, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, the Meherrin, the Sappony, the Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation and the Waccamaw Siouan.
North Carolina’s Colonial History
Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto landed in North Carolina in the 1540s but left without staking a claim. In 1584, explorers traveling for the English adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh arrived at Roanoke Island, North Carolina, and the first English settlement was established there in 1585. The settlers developed a hostile relationship with indigenous people, and Sir Francis Drake took most settlers back to England in 1586. When a rescue ship returned, the remaining few had vanished.
Fifteen men from the ship remained to secure the land for the English. Their bones were found in 1587 by explorer John White, who was sent by Raleigh with 116 English settlers to set up a colony. White left the island to secure supplies, and when he returned three years later the settlers had vanished without a trace, except for the word “Croatoan” scratched on a post that had enclosed the settlement. Although there have been several hypotheses as to what occurred, historians and archaeologists have been unable to find evidence to support any of them. The Roanoake settlement became known as the Lost Colony.
In 1629, King Charles I created the province of Carolina from northern Florida to Albermarle Sound. In the 1600s, the first colonists from Virginia began permanently settling in Carolina. A northern colony was established in the county of Albemarle in 1664, followed by a southern colony with its own government at Charles Town (now Charlestown, South Carolina) in 1670, and North Carolina and South Carolina were officially divided in 1712.
North Carolina in the Revolutionary War
In the 17th century, North Carolina residents became angered by the navigation acts, which imposed taxes on colonial goods. To retaliate against the taxes and abuse of power flaunted by the customs collector and deputy governor, Thomas Miller, a group of about 40 North Carolina rebels imprisoned Miller and seized control of the local government in 1677. John Culpeper, one of the group’s leaders, was tried for treason in England, but was acquitted and returned to Albemarle. The uprising became known as Culpeper’s Rebellion.
On November 2, 1769, North Carolina signed a nonimportation agreement to resist British taxes. Thought to be the first time a legislative body acted during the Revolutionary War, it may have inspired the North Carolina slogan “First in Freedom.” The slogan may also refer to the “Halifax Resolves,” which was when North Carolina’s assembly authorized their Continental Congress delegates to vote for independence from Great Britain, on April 12, 1776—the first official state action for independence.
Five battles were fought in North Carolina during the American Revolution. In 1780, following the disastrous siege of Charleston, South Carolina, the Battle of King’s Mountain in North Carolina proved a major defeat for the British attempt to secure the southern colonies. North Carolina became the 12th state in the Union when its General Assembly ratified the U.S. Constitution on November 21, 1789.
Slavery and the Civil War
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, people were kidnapped from the continent of Africa, forced into slavery in the American colonies and exploited to work as indentured servants and laborers in the production of crops. Shown are iron shackles used on enslaved people prior to 1860.Shown is a chart showing the packed positioning of enslaved people on a ship from 1786.READ MORE: The Last Slave Ship Survivor Gave an Interview in the 1930s. It Just SurfacedIn behind schedule August 1619, the White Lion sailed into Point Comfort and dropped anchor in the James River.Virginia colonist John Rolfe documented the arrival of the ship and “20 and odd” Africans on board. History textbooks immortalized his journal entry, with 1619 often used as a reference point for teaching the origins of slavery in America. READ MORE: America’s History of Slavery Began Long Before JamestownShown is an iron mask and collar used by slaveholders to keep field workers from running away and to prevent them from eating crops such as sugarcane, circa 1750. The mask made breathing complex and, if left on too long, would tear at the person’s skin when removed.The first U.S. president, George Washington, owned enslaved people, along with many of the presidents who followed him. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States, was born on a vast Virginia estate run on slave labor. His marriage to the wealthy Martha Wayles Skelton more than doubled his property in land and enslaved people. This is a portrait of Isaac Jefferson, enslaved by Jefferson, circa 1847. READ MORE: Why Thomas Jefferson’s Anti-Slavery Passage Was Removed from the Declaration of IndependenceThe slave auction was the epitome of slavery’s dehumanization. Enslaved people were sold to the person who bid the most money, and family members were often split-up.READ MORE: Married Enslaved People Often Faced Wrenching SeparationsBroadside advertising an auction outside of Brooke and Hubbard Auctioneers office, Richmond, Virginia, July 23, 1823. An enslaved Black male youth is shown in this photo from the 1850s, holding his white master’s child.From left to right: William, Lucinda, Fannie (seated on lap), Mary (in cradle), Frances (standing), Martha, Julia (behind Martha), Harriet, and Charles or Marshall, circa 1861.The women and their children were enslaved at the time this photograph was taken on a plantation just west of Alexandria, Virginia, that belonged to Felix Richards. Frances and her children were enslaved by Felix, while Lucinda and her children were enslaved by his wife, Amelia Macrae Richards.By the start of the American Civil War, the South was producing 75 percent of the world’s cotton and creating more millionaires per capita in the Mississippi River valley than anywhere in the nation. Shown are enslaved people working on sweet potato planting at Hopkinson’s Plantation in April 1862.READ MORE: How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the SouthEnslaved people in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population. A formerly enslaved man from Louisiana, whose forehead was branded with the initials of his owner, is shown wearing a punishment collar in 1863. Despite the horrors of slavery, it was no simple decision to flee. Escaping often involved leaving behind family and heading into the complete unknown, where harsh weather and lack of food might await. Shown are two unidentified men who escaped slavery, circa 1861.A man named Peter, who had escaped slavery, reveals his scarred back at a medical examination in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, while joining the Union Army in 1863.READ MORE: The Shocking Photo of ‘Whipped Peter’ That Made Slavery’s Brutality Impossible to DenyConfederate soldiers rounding up Black people in a church during the American Civil War, Nashville, Tennesee, the 1860s.The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, established that all enslaved people in Confederate states in rebellion against the Union “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” But for many enslaved people, emancipation took longer to take effect. Shown are a group of enslaved people outside their quarters on a plantation on Cockspur Island, Georgia, circa 1863.READ MORE: What Is Juneteenth?
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Enslaved people were brought to North Carolina, mainly from other American colonies, in the 17th and 18th centuries as a solution to the shortage of intensive labor required to grow tobacco, rice and indigo. The colony didn’t play a vast part in the slave trade due to the lack of accessible ports, and because there weren’t as many plantations as in other colonies.
Enslaved people in North Carolina lived in abysmal conditions under restrictive slave codes. Despite the oppression, enslaved people preserved their families and cultural practices from Africa, until many were converted to Christianity in the 19th century.
At the outset of the Civil War, North Carolina debated whether to remain in the Union, as its economy didn’t depend as heavily on slavery as other states. It eventually seceded in 1861, although it contributed to Union and Confederate causes. Around 130,000 men fought for the Confederacy and 8,000 for the Union, and over 30,000 troops died. North Carolina was an significant Confederate food supplier. Most of the 85 battles that took place in the state happened during Sherman’s March and the Battle of Bentonville, which was the Confederacy’s last full-scale action and led to North Carolina’s surrender in 1865. Slavery was abolished when North Carolina signed the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.
During the post-war Reconstruction, more than 360,000 emancipated enslaved people in North Carolina struggled to integrate into society under the oversight of the federally-enacted Freedmen’s Bureau. In 1866, North Carolina created a Black Code that denied citizenship to free African Americans and restricted their movement. When North Carolina rejected the 14th Amendment guaranteeing formerly enslaved people equal protection under the law, its government was dissolved. The state was put under military rule from March 1867 until July 1868, when its legislature approved the 14th Amendment and North Carolina was admitted back into the Union.
Immigration in North Carolina
North Carolina’s peak immigration occurred in the 18th century. Many settlers from other British colonies came to escape high taxes and oppression and were of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. Throughout the 1700s and 1800s, more Highland Scotts immigrated to North Carolina than any other U.S. state.
Immigration to North Carolina slowed in the early 19th century due to penniless economic conditions and turned into a significant out-migration. After the Civil War, many African Americans moved from North Carolina to substantial cities like New York and Detroit. Migration to the state only began to pick up in the 1960s and 1970s. Immigrants mainly came from Asian countries, including Vietnam, Laos, China and India, and later Central American and South American countries.
Black History in North Carolina
These successes drew the attention of white supremacists and politicians. The end of the 19th century ushered in an era of Jim Crow laws, which legalized racial segregation, while white Democrats attempted to remove Black politicians from office. In 1898, a mob seized the Wilmington government and terrorized the Black community, killing as many as 250 people, in an event known as the Wilmington Massacre.
Throughout the early to mid-20th century, North Carolina Civil Rights leaders fought for equal rights. The 1960 Greensboro sit-in became a catalyst for sit-ins throughout the south, leading to the desegregation of public facilities.
North Carolina has been home to a number of prominent Black figures through the years, including David Walker, Nina Simone, John Coltrane, Maya Angelou and Michael Jordan.
North Carolina Industry and Economy
Inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright became interested in flight in the behind schedule 1800s and moved to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1900 for its sturdy winds and cushioned sands—perfect conditions for flying a glider. After nearly four years of experiments, they conducted the first powered, sustained and controlled airplane flight on December 17, 1903.
Today, the aerospace and defense industry remains an significant sector of North Carolina’s economy, hosting company headquarters including Lockheed Martin. Sometimes called the “Furniture Capital of the World,” North Carolina also has the world’s largest furniture store, furniture manufacturer and furnishings industry trade show. Other key industries include banking, pharmaceuticals, food processing and technology.
Interesting Facts
- The first child born in America of English descent was a girl named Virginia Dare. Born on August 18, 1587, Virginia was one of the members of the “Lost Colony,” discovered missing on what would have been her 3rd birthday by her grandfather John White, who had originally led the colonial expedition to Roanoke Island but later returned to England for supplies.
- Orville and Wilbur Wright’s first powered airplane flight on December 17, 1903, covered only 120 feet and lasted only 12 seconds.
- During World War II, approximately 10,000 enemy soldiers were contained within 18 prisoners of war camps throughout the state of North Carolina.
- North Carolina is the largest producer of sweet potatoes in the nation. In 2011, farmers within the state harvested 64,000 acres—yielding 1.28 billion pounds of vitamin A-rich tubers.
John White (c. 1540 – c. 1593) and others as they find a tree carved with the word ‘Croatoan’ on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, 1590. Three years previously, White had left a group of colonists on the island and returned to England for supplies, intending to return in a matter of months, but a variety of circumstances (not the least of which was Britain’s war with Spain) prevented his immediate return. When he returned to the colony, it was abandoned with only the word on the tree as a clue (the nearby Hatteras Island was then known as Croatoan).This illustration depicts aspects of the process of tar production in North Carolina during the mid-18th century. Distilled pine wood was painted onto the surface of wooden boats for preservation. A tobacco plantation owner’s daughter tops tobacco. The photographer said the girl, who was in eighth grade, owned her own patch of approximately 1000 hills from which she received proceeds. Sunday afternoon at a country store in Gordonton, North Carolina, circa 1939. There’s a kerosene pump on the right and the gasoline pump on the left. Rough, unfinished timber posts have been used as supports for the porch roof. Men sit on the porch, and the store owner’s brother stands in the doorway. The world’s first flight with Orville Wright at the controls and his brother Wilbur running at the side of the machine in Kittyhawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903.New African American recruits of the 51st Defense Battalion, U.S. Marine Corps in Camp Lejeune, New River, North Carolina, in March 1943.
Sources
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North Carolina American Indian History Timeline, ncmuseumofhistory.org
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Highland Scots, northcarolinahistory.gov
Coleman Manufacturing Company, ncpedia.org
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Black Wall Street, Durham, North Carolina, ncpedia.org
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